๐‘„‡๐‘„ง๐‘„š๐‘„ด๐‘„‘๐‘„ฌ๐‘„š๐‘„ง๐‘„–๐‘„ด ๐‘„œ๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ด ๐‘„˜๐‘„ฌ

Talk:Z13087

๐‘„ƒ๐‘„จ๐‘„ ๐‘„ฎ๐‘„–๐‘„ด๐‘„ช๐‘„š๐‘„ด Wikifunctions
๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ฌ๐‘„‘๐‘„ฌ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ด๐‘„‘๐‘„ด ๐‘„‡๐‘„ง๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ฌ๐‘„š๐‘„ด๐‘„‘๐‘„ด: ๐‘„บ months ago ๐‘„˜๐‘„ข GrounderUK ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ฌ ๐‘„‘๐‘„ฎ๐‘„›๐‘„จ๐‘„‡๐‘„ด Rules

Rules

๐‘„๐‘„ฌ๐‘„Š๐‘„ง ๐‘„ก๐‘„ฌ๐‘„ข๐‘„ฌ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ง๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ฌ๐‘„š๐‘„ด๐‘„‘๐‘„ด: ๐‘„บ months ago๐‘„ท ๐‘„‡๐‘„ง๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ฌ๐‘„š๐‘„ด๐‘„‘๐‘„ด๐‘„ท ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„š๐‘„ช๐‘„Œ๐‘„ด ๐‘„–๐‘„ฌ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ด๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„‹๐‘„ด ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ฎ๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ด๐‘„ช๐‘„‡๐‘„ฎ๐‘„–๐‘„ด

The rule is to add the morpheme -ing in all cases.

Orthographically:

1. If a word ends in -e, delete it and add โ€œingโ€, unless it ends in -ee, -ie, -oe, or -ye. If it ends in -ie, replace โ€œieโ€ with โ€œyโ€ and add โ€œingโ€, otherwise just add โ€œingโ€. For words ending in -ue, just adding โ€œingโ€ is generally a less common alternative.

If a word ends in -ce or -ge, deleting the โ€œeโ€ may lead to (apparent) confusion with a similar word ending in -c or -g. The โ€œeโ€ will be retained if there is a (relatively common) verb that is the same apart from the e (so hinge โ†’ hinging but singe โ†’ singeing); deletion of the e is the prescriptive norm but retention seems to have become more common in certain cases, like โ€œwhingeingโ€ Google ngram for โ€œwhingeingโ€, โ€œwhingingโ€). For words ending in -dge, just adding โ€œingโ€ is a less common or non-standard alternative.

  • ice โ†’ icing
  • true โ†’ truing
  • free โ†’ freeing
  • lie โ†’ lying
  • toe โ†’ toeing
  • dye โ†’ dyeing
  • eye โ†’ eyeing
  • sautรฉ โ†’ sautรฉing
  • fรชte โ†’ fรชting
  • queue โ†’ queueing (perhaps the more common form today)
  • hinge โ†’ hinging
  • singe โ†’ singeing
  • sing โ†’ singing
  • whinge โ†’ whinging or whingeing (the more common form today)
  • badge โ†’ badging (โ€œbadgeingโ€ is non-standard but de-badgeing has been observed in connection with automobiles)

2. If a word ends in -c, add โ€œkingโ€ (panic โ†’ panicking). May not apply to to abbreviated words (mic โ†’ micing, spec โ†’ speccing; there are alternatives here).

3. In most varieties of English (but not in US-English), if a word ends in -l after a single vowel, add โ€œlingโ€ (cancel โ†’ cancelling), but โ€œparallelโ€ is an exception (parallel โ†’ paralleling). US-English doubles the l only if the final syllable is stressed (โ€œexcellingโ€ but โ€œcancelingโ€).

4. If a word ends in -b, -d, -f, -g, -k, -m, -n, -p, -r, -s, -t, -v or -z preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant and add โ€œingโ€. Does not apply to an unstressed final syllable (fillet โ†’ filleting but sublet โ†’ subletting). Sometimes a final -s is doubled even when the syllable is unstressed (focus โ†’ focusing or focussing).

5. Otherwise, just add โ€œingโ€ (the morphological rule). GrounderUK (talk) 23:04, 10 February 2024 (UTC) [originally at implementation Talk:Z13091].๐‘„ก๐‘„ฎ๐‘„›๐‘„ด ๐‘„˜๐‘„ฌ๐‘„š

๐‘„ƒ๐‘„จ๐‘„ ๐‘„ฎ๐‘„–๐‘„ด๐‘„ช๐‘„š๐‘„ด ๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ง ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ฎ๐‘„ ๐‘„ฌ "https://www.wikifunctions.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Z13087&oldid=90776"